Neutralisation : The pH Scale

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post, today for science we were given the task to create a post with either one of the experiments that we have previously done. I chose to do a post about the pH scale. 

Aim: To observe how different acids and bases are on the pH scale. 

Equipment: Test Tube, Test Tube Rack, Universal Indicator, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Stirring Rod. 

Method:

    1. Use the universal indicator and pour it into each test tube.

    2. Using Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide pour onto tubes to create the pH spectrum. 

    3. Observe the colour change of the solution. 

Result:

    ⤿ After organizing the test tubes to make them similar to the pH scale, we observed how much acid and 

        the base we have put in the solution.

Discussion:

    ⤿ The process was a fun thing to do because we were just pouring things into the test tube to create different reactions. Strong acid and a strong base were easy to make because you only needed to add a large amount of that particular thing. Something that my partner and I really struggled on was making a more neutral colour something in between pH 7 and pH 14. It was also hard to make something only a little bit acidic because adding too much acid can make it too acidic. Both were hard because we needed to add a mic of different levels of acid and base.

Conclusion:

    ⤻ To summarize the results, we ended up with the pH spectrum arranged in the test tubes. 

a pH of 8 - 12

a pH of 4 - 6 

Full Spectrum of the pH scale. 

Heating Zinc Oxide

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post, today for science we did an experiment on Zinc Oxide. For this experiment, we had to observe what would happen when we heat Zinc Oxide. 

Aim: To see what change happens when we heat Zinc Oxide.

Equipment: Safety Glasses, Bunsen Burner, Heat Mat, Tripod, Crucible, Crucible Holder, Zinc Oxide. 

Results: When the Zinc Oxide was heating, the colour of the Zinc Oxide turned yellow. When the heat was taken off the Zinc Oxide the colour was back to its normal colour, white.

Discussion: When the Zinc Oxide was heated, the electrons that revolve around the zinc move from one level to another, which made it change colour. 

Original

Heated

Original

Elements

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post today for science we learned about the elements and how the periodic table works. Before that, we learned about atoms and made some models using the first 10 elements. So for this task, we had to choose an element and then create a poster or we can use a format to write about our chosen element.

If I were a gas element I’d like to be a Krypton and my symbol is Kr.

My atomic number is 36 which means I have 36 protons in my nucleus and 36 electrons around my nucleus. 

At room temperature (20C) I will be a gas. 

My melting point (the temperature when I turn from solid to liquid) is -157.36°C.

 My boiling point (the temperature when I change from liquid to gas) is -153.22°C. 

 

I was first discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris M. Travers, Britain, May 30 1898. 

I am found in nature as a gas in the atmosphere, though there is only a little amount found. 

My uses to humans are: 

Flash Photography, Kyprton is used in flash photography. When there is a high temperature explosion, krypton is used to surround the high temperature filament. Krypton was also used as a measurement to determine the length of a meter. It was states that a meter was based on the orange-red spectral line of the krypton isotope 86Kr.

Some interesting things about me are:

Krypton is one of the rarest gases on Earth, it only composes 1 part per million of the Earth's atmosphere (volume). Krypton is a noble gas, which means that they are not able to react to anything and they are also called 'inert gases' for this reason.

Krypton is colourless and odorless and it has an outer shell full of electrons. To get the gas, scientists extract air that has been cooled until it has turned into a liquid. It is then separated, using a process called distillation. 

Credits: https://www.cafepress.com/+periodic_table_krypton_tile_coaster,1389305969

Distillation : Hurumanu 3

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post, today for science we are learning about Distillation by doing an experiment about it. While learning about it we needed to know about two important things to follow along with the experiment. The two things were Evaporation and Condensation, which were some topics that we did an experiment on, in earlier weeks. 

＿＿＿＿＿🝙＿＿＿＿＿

Evaporation: This happens when you heat a liquid into a particular temperature and that liquid turns into a gas. 

Condensation: This happens when a gas cools down and turns into a liquid. 

Distillation: This is a scientific experiment use to show the process of condensation. 

Aim: To separate a solute from a solver in a solution using distillation. 

Hypothesis: When the coke evaporates I think that it will heat and leave behind some sugar. While the coke zero would also leave behind some sugar but not a lot. 

Equipment: Conical Flask, Heatproof Mat, Gauze Mat, Delivery Tube and Bung, Bunsen Burner, Retort Stand, Boss Head and Clamp, Boiling Tube, Coke. 

*For this experiment we used coke rather than saltwater.*

Method:

1. Set up equipment shown in the diagram. 

2. Add 50ml Coke into the conical flask. 

3. Light the Bunsen Burner and put under the tripod.

4. Heat the solution until most of the solvent has evaporated. 

Diagram

Observation: 

When the soda was boiling it was evaporating and condensing at the same time. When the evaporated gas goes up to the delivery tube and down to the tube it then condenses. While all of this happens the cola has a lighter colour than it was in the start. To follow that statement the bubbles were always appearing near the sides of the flask and the soda was slowly evaporating. 

For the condensed liquid that has made its way to the tube, it is slowly being cooled down by the ice. The more time passes the more condensed liquid goes to the tube. Because the soda is being heated the liquid slowly evaporates and the liquid slowly separates from the sugar leaving the sugar behind in the conical flask. 

Conclusion:

In the end in my opinion my hypothesis was correct because both of the sodas have left behind sugars. For the original soda, it had a thick slurry of sugar left inside the flask. While the coke zero also had some left behind but not a lot. 

Discussion:

I think that these happened because if the amount of soda that was being heated up which caused the process of evaporation and condensation. Because of that the when the soda evaporates and turns into a gas it is then trapped by something to condense it making it travel inside the delivery tube and ending up in the tub. 

Evaluation: 

I really liked doing this experiment because it was very exciting to set up the material for the experiment. I also really enjoyed just watching as the soda boils and evaporate into the tube. 

Set-up 

Set-up 

Outcome: #1

Condensation Water 

Left: Coke Zero - Right: Original Coke 

Evaporation Experiment

Hi everyone! Today in science we did an experiment on Evaporation. For this experiment, we burned some water and some Copper Sulfate. During the experiement we again used the words Solute, Solvent, and Solution to identify the process during this experiment. 

Solute: The liquid/Substance being dissolved.

Solvent: The liquid/Substance in which the solute dissolves. 

Solution: A mixture that form when one substance dissolves another.

Aim: To separate a solution into a solvent and solute using evaporation.

Hypothesis: I think that the water would evaporate and decrease while the copper sulfate will boil and lose its water molecules. 

Equipment: Copper Sulfate Solution, 250ml Beaker, Heatproof Mat, Evaporating Basin, Bunsen Burner. 

Method:

1. Set up Bunsen Burner, with the Tripod and the Gauze.

2. Fill a 250ml Beaker with 100ml of water and place on top of Gauze. 

3. Using a evaporating basin, add copper sulfate until it is a quarter full.

4. The carefully put the evaporating basin on top of the beaker.

5. Turn on the Bunsen Burner and watch for result. 

*Note: Do not touch any equipment after experiment or during experiment as the are hot.*

Observations: 

During the experiment when the water was boiling we saw a lot of condensing. Which is when a gas is changed to become a liquid. During that time, there was also a large amount of steam being released. While the water kept boiling we noticed that the water was slowly evporating and at the end we were left with almost no water. 

The copper sulfate was my favourite one to observed as it was getting slowly crystalized as the heat goes through the evaporating basin. At first it was only small crystals at the sides of the mixture and by the end the whole mixture looked dry as if it was glued onto the basin. 

Conclusion:

I think that half of my hypothethis is right because the water did evaporate and decrease and the Copper Sulfate looked dry. 

Discussion:

During the experiment there was a lot of condensing because the water was being boiled to the point where it evaporates making the gas condense and drop to the water. The steam was being released because the water was boiling and it was extremely hot. because the water was boiling it also decreases the amount of water because the water turned to gas which we know as steam. 

The Copper Sulfate got crystalized because it was originally a solid which was mixed into a liquid. So by boiling the water and letting the gas seap into the evaporating basin it made the Copper Sulfate lose its water molecules and leave it with a dry and crystalized form. 

Evaluation:

I enjoyed this experiement a lot because it was very fun to watch as the water slowly evaporates and how the Copper sulfate gradually crystalized. Next time I would really like to try it with a different mixture and see what happens to it. 

Beginning 

Beginning 

Boiling 

Crystalization 

Condensing 

Final Result: Copper Sulfate 

Final Result: Water

Dilution Experiment

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post for science we did an experiment on dilution. During the experiment, we needed to know what kinds of things were happening so we learned about what Solution, Solute and Solvent meant. 

Solution: A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another. 

Solute: Substance being dissolved. 

Solvent: A substance in which the solute dissolves in. 

Concentration: A measurement of how much solute exists in a certain amount of solvent. 

Dilute: To make a liquid less concentrated; weaker. 

Experiment

Aim: To make a dilution series to investigate concentration.

Hypothesis: I think that over time the colour of the solution should be lighter than the original colour.

Equipment:

- Potassium Permanganate

- Six large test tubes 

- Test tube rack

- Measuring Cylinder

- Pipette 

Method:

1. Place the six test tubes in a test tube rack and label them with numbers 1 - 6. 

2. Using the measuring cylinder, fill the first test tube with 10ml of water. Then fill the remaining test tubes with 5ml of water.

3. Using Tweezers or a Popsicle stick pick out chunks of Potassium Permanganate in the first test tube. Then mix. 

4. Then, using the pipette transfer approximately 5ml of the solution in the first test tube to the second test tube. 

5. Then repeat the same thing with the other test tubes. Transfer 5ml from the previous test tube to the next test tube.  

Test Tube 1 to Test Tube 6 

Observation: 

When transferring the solution from the first test tube the solution looked lighter and when we kept transferring the solution from each test tube, from first to last we noticed that it was a lot lighter than the first test tube. 

Discussion: 

It was a fact that the first test-tube had the most concentration as it because it was of a darker colour than the rest of the solutions and we've also seen that the last test tube (test tube No. 6) was the least concentrated. Which can also mean that it was the most diluted out of all of the solutions. 

In my opinion, this happened because of how much the Potassium Permanganate was being transferred in low concentration liquids. So to conclude my statement this happened because the Potassium Permanganate was being transferred over and over again to diluted liquids which made it lose it's high concentration particles. 

Filtration

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post today during science we did an experiment on filtration and some other topics about mixing and separating. The things we learned today were Solvent, Solute, Solution, Filtration,  Filtrate, Mixture and Solubility. We needed to know these key words for our experiment, so that we can understand what we are doing and what is happening to the mixture during filtration. 

Aim: Our aim was to separate a solution from a precipitate, which is the name of a solid that forms in a liquid during a chemical reaction. 

Equipment: 
- Sodium Carbonate

- Copper Sulfate

- Conical Flask 

- Stirring Rod

- 200ml Beaker

- Funnel 

- Filter Paper

Method:

1. Pour 50ml of Copper Sulfate into the beaker. 
2. Add the same measurement of Sodium Cabornate solution. 
3. Fold the filter paper so that it can fit inside the funnel. 
4. Place the funnel with the filter paper inside the conical flask. 
5. Stir the mixture that was in the beaker and then carefully pours in the funnel. 

Observation: 

When the Copper Sulfate (blue transparent liquid) and the Sodium Carbonate (transparent liquid) were 2 mixed it had a chemical reaction. The mixture was more opaque and it was no longer transparent, it looked like the colour cyan. 

When we poured the mixture into the funnel with the filter paper and it filtrated the solution it came out with a clear solution similar to water (but it isn't water). The solution looked more chunky and looked as if it had something in it. 

Discussion: 

I think the solution came out as a clear colour because of the chemical reaction where we mixed the Copper Sulfate and the Sodium Carbonate. As I said in my observation it looked like it had chunks in it and I thought that maybe it was the cause of the outcome of the filtration. To follow with that statement because there were solids in the mixture it got caught in the filtration paper and then the liquid was then filtrated out to the conical flask. 

Example

Solution after it was Filtrated/debris

Solution while Filtrating 

Solutions that was used to create the solution 

Solution 

Filtrated solution

Mixing and Dissolving - Hurumanu 3

 Hi everyone! Welcome to another post! Today we have started new sub-topic for Hurumanu 3, science. That sub-topic is Mixing and separating, but today we learned about mixing and dissolving substances. We also did an experiment today where we looked at how sugar dissolved in different temperatures. 

But before that, we learned about what mixing, dissolving, soluble and insoluble is. 

• Mixing/Mixture: A substance made by two or more substances that are mixed together. 
  Examples of a Mixture: - They are all made up of different substances. 
  -  Coke
  -  Sand 
  -  Cake 
  -  Salad 

• Dissolving: Dissolving is when a substance becomes part of a liquid. 
  -  You can speed up dissolving when you stir or change the temperature. 

• Soluble: It means something that can be dissolved in water.

• Insoluble: It means something that can't be dissolved in water. 

In our experiment, we investigated how fast sugar can dissolve in different temperatures and how it can dissolve whether we mix it or not. We had to conduct 4 experiments where we changed the temperature of the water and whether we decide to mix it or not. 

Hypothesis: I think that the sugar in the hot water + mixed would be the fastest at dissolving. 

Aim: Rate of dissolving depending on temperature and stirring. 

Method: First of all you need to gather the tools needed. We used 2 beakers on small and one medium-sized. We then put some sugar into the small beaker and put some water in it. We did 4 times and each time we did that we changed the water temperature by rinsing it and pouring new water in. After doing that we then used a spatula and scooped a small of sugar to put inside the beaker. Lastly, we timed it and looked at how much time it took to dissolve

Results:

1. 50ml cold water + 1 Spatula Sugar = mixed/stirred

2. 50ml hot water + 1 Spatula Sugar = mixed/stirred

3. 50ml hot water + 1 Spatula Sugar = un-mixed/not stirred

4. 50ml cold water + 1 Spatula Sugar = un-mixed/not stirred

Along with investigating the result we also had to time how much time it took for the sugar to dissolve in the water. For the results, we added all our timed times together for our total and then we divided that number with how many recorded times were on the board to make of average time. 

1. cold water + sugar / stirred  =  Total: 490 secs - Average: 70 secs

2. hot water + sugar / stirred = Total: 213 secs - Average: 27 secs

3. ho water + sugar / not stirred = Total: 590 secs - Average: 78 secs

4. cold water + sugar / not stirred = Total: 622 secs - Average: 124.4 secs 

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the hot water + stirred with the sugar is the fastest to dissolve. This happens because there is more energy in hot water and when we mix it we make more energy making the sugar dissolve faster. 

Particle Theory and Diffusion

Hi, everyone! Welcome to another post. Today for science we have begun learning about particle theory and diffusion. We first learned about what matter is and how both of these topics relate to matter. After that, we learned what particle theory and diffusion is.

Particles 

Particle Theory: Particle Theory is a theory which explains the changes of properties in different states of matter.

• All matter is made up of particles.
• All particles in a pure substance are the same.
• There is space between all particles.
• Particles are always moving.
• There are attractive forces between particles.
• Temperature affects the speed at which particles move. 

Diffusion: Diffusions is when particles move from an area that has high concentrations to an area of  low concentration 

Today we are going to do an experiment on diffusion. 

Our Aim: To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion. 

Hypothesis: I think that hot water will diffuse faster than cold water because I think that hot water particles are more likely to spread out rapidly. 

Method:

1. Put warm water and cold water into a cylinder cup with a wide base of the same size. The containers have to be the same size.
2. Get some KMn04 ( Potassium Permanganate) 
3. Put the KMn04 in both the warm water and cold water. - They have to be the same amount. 

Conclusion: 

In the end, warm water had made the KMn04 spread out faster than the cold water. The warm water was faster than the cold water because the warm water has more energy. This is also because the particles are moving fast to spread the liquid. 

Summer Learning Journey 2019-2020 • Week 3 • Day 4 - Activity 1

Hi everyone! Welcome to another post, today I will be doing another activity for the Summer Learning Journey. Enjoy!

DAY 4: HAOURA

Activity 1: MEDICAL MAVERICKS

Over the years, many important discoveries have been made by clever people looking to help others. Two of these are women -  Florence Nightingale and Marie Curie whose work has been widely recognised and appreciated. Both women lived extraordinary lives.

Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 in England. When she grew up, she trained to be a nurse and, as an adult was sent to Turkey during the Crimean War to look after wounded soldiers. When she arrived, the hospitals were very dirty so she spent money to clean them up and to provide soldiers with quality care. She saved many lives.

Marie Curie was born in Poland in 1867. Eventually, she moved to France to go to university. While there, she learned a lot about physics, chemistry and maths. She spent her career conducting experiments that led to the discovery of chemical elements. She was also the first person to use an x-ray machine to look at the human body. She earns two Nobel Prizes for her work.

Nobel Prizes are given out every year to people who have done something extraordinary in six specific fields of study - Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Economics.

For this activity, we had to go to this link to view the list of Nobel Prize winners, after that we had to choose one and read about them. We had to explain who they are in five to ten sentences. We could also include a picture of that person.

• Who were they?
• What did they do that was so special?

Attribution: Karl Landsteiner, 1931, by The National Academy of science is licensed under cc by-sa 2.0